![]() ![]() A reliable diagnosis of asthma, disease endotyping, and monitoring its severity are of great importance in the management of asthma. The most relevant experimental studies further advancing the understanding of molecular and immune mechanisms with potential new targets for the development of therapeutics are discussed. Emerging concepts and challenges in implementing the exposome paradigm and its application in allergic diseases and asthma are reviewed, including genetic and epigenetic factors, microbial dysbiosis, and environmental exposure, particularly to indoor and outdoor substances. Many risk and protective factors and molecular mechanisms are involved in the development of asthma. In this review, we discuss recent publications on asthma and review the studies that have reported on the different aspects of the prevalence, risk factors and prevention, mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of asthma. 10 Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, Romania.9 Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.8 Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.7 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.6 Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), Davos, Switzerland.5 Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.4 Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.3 Department of Medical Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.2 Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland.1 Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland. ![]()
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